Parents Matter?" The New Yorker, August 17, 1998; and Carol Tavris, "Peer Pressure," New York Times Book Review, September 13, 1998. / 155 " Here we go again ": See Tavris, New York Times. / 155 Pinker called Harriss views "mind- boggling": Steven Pinker, "Sibling Rivalry: Why the Nature/Nurture De- bate Wont Go Away," Boston Globe, October 13, 2002, adapted from Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature (New York: Viking, 2002). 157-59 school choice in chicago: This material is drawn from Julie Berry Cullen, Brian Jacob, and Steven D. Levitt, "The Impact of School Choice on Student Outcomes: An Analysis of the Chicago Public Schools," Journal of Public Economics, forthcoming; and Julie Berry Cullen, Brian Jacob, and Steven D. Levitt, "The Effect of School Choice on Student Outcomes: Evi- dence from Randomized Lotteries," National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, 2003. 159 students who arrive at high school not prepared to do high school work: See Tamar Lewin, "More Students Passing Regents, but Achievement Gap Persists," New York Times, March 18, 2004. 159-60 The Black-White Income Gap Traced to Eighth-Grade Test Score Gap: See Derek Neal and William R. Johnson, "The Role of Pre-Market Fac- tors in Black-White Wage Differences," Journal of Political Economy 104 (1996), pp. 869-95; and June ONeill, "The Role of Human Capital in     Earnings Differences Between Black and White Men," Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 4 (1990), pp. 25-46. / 160 "Reducing the black-white test score gap": See Christopher Jencks and Meredith Phillips, "Americas Next Achievement Test: Closing the Black-White Test Score Gap," Ameri- can Prospect 40 (September-October 1998), pp. 44-53. 160 "Acting White": See David Austen-Smith and Roland G. Fryer Jr., "The Economics of Acting White, " National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, 2003. / 160 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Peter Knobler, Giant Steps (New York: Bantam, 1983), p. 16. 160-75 the black-white test score gap and the ecls: This material was drawn from Roland G. Fryer Jr. and Steven D. Levitt, "Understanding the Black- White Test Score Gap in the First Two Years of School," The Review of Eco- nomics and Statistics 86, no. 2 (2004), pp. 447-464. While this paper contains little discussion of the correlation between test scores and home- based factors (television viewing, spanking, etc.), a regression of those data is included in the papers appendix. Regarding the ECLS study itself: as of this