model is set up to allow the holding period to vary. The model also calculates the price at which you would get a margin call based on a specified mainte-     A B C D E 1 2 Buying on Margin Ending Return on 3 St Price Investment 4 Initial Equity Investment 10,000.00 -42.00% 5 Amount Borrowed 10,000.00 20 -122.00% 6 Initial Stock Price 50.00 25 -102.00% 7 Shares Purchased 400 30 -82.00% 8 Ending Stock Price 40.00 35 -62.00% 9 Cash Dividends During Hold Per. 0.50 40 -42.00% 10 Initial Margin Percentage 50 00% 45 -22 00%                           Summary and End of Chapter Problems   At the end of each chapter, a detailed Summary outlines the most important concepts presented. The problems that follow the Summary progress from simple to challenging and many are taken from CFA     examinations. These represent the kinds of questions that professionals in the field believe are relevant to the "real world" and are indicated by an icon in the text margin.       SUMMARY 1. Firms issue securities to raise the capital necessary to finance their investments. In- vestment bankers market these securities to the public on the primary market. Invest- ment bankers generally act as underwriters who purchase the securities from the firm and resell them to the public at a markup. Before the securities may be sold to the pub- lic, the firm must publish an SEC-approved prospectus that provides information on the firms prospects. 2. Issued securities are traded on the secondary market, that is, on organized